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A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of a cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as ''therapeutic'' cancer vaccines. There are currently no vaccines able to prevent all cancers, however vaccines against some oncoviruses have proven extremely effective. Some types of cancer, such as cervical cancer and some liver cancers, are caused by viruses (oncoviruses), and traditional vaccines against those viruses, such as HPV vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine, will prevent those types of cancer. These anti-viral vaccines are not further discussed in the rest of this article. Other cancers are to some extent caused by bacterial infections (e.g. stomach cancer and ''Helicobacter pylori''〔http://vaccinenewsdaily.com/news/213394-oral-vaccine-could-fight-source-of-stomach-cancers〕) and traditional vaccines against cancer-causing bacteria are also not discussed in this article. Scientists are continuing research and development of vaccines against other types of cancer. Some researchers believe that cancer cells routinely arise and are destroyed by the healthy immune system; and that cancer forms when the immune system fails to destroy them. == Method == One approach to cancer vaccination is to separate proteins from cancer cells and immunize cancer patients against those proteins, in the hope of stimulating an immune reaction that could kill the cancer cells. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are being developed for the treatment of breast, lung, colon, skin, kidney, prostate, and other cancers. In a phase III trial of follicular lymphoma (a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), investigators reported that the BiovaxID (on average) prolonged remission by 44.2 months, versus 30.6 months for the control, at the June 2009 meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.〔(Idiotype vaccine therapy (BiovaxID) in follicular lymphoma in first complete remission: Phase III clinical trial results. ) S. J. Schuster, et al. 2009 ASCO Annual Meeting, J Clin Oncol 27:18s, 2009 (suppl; abstr 2)〕 On April 14, 2009, Dendreon Corporation announced that their Phase III clinical trial of Provenge, a cancer vaccine designed to treat prostate cancer, had demonstrated an increase in survival. It received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer patients on April 29, 2010.〔(【引用サイトリンク】date=2010-04-29 )〕 The approval of Provenge has stimulated interest in this type of therapy. Another approach to therapeutic anti-cancer vaccination is to generate the immune response in situ in the patient using oncolytic viruses. This approach has been successfully used in the drug talimogene laherparepvec, a version of herpes simplex virus which has been engineered to replicate selectively in tumor tissue and also to express the immune stimulatory protein GM-CSF. This enhances the anti-tumor immune response to tumor antigens released following viral lysis and provides an in situ patient specific anti-tumor vaccine as a result. Interim phase 3 trial results in melanoma showed a significant tumour response rate compared to administration of GM-CSF alone.〔Amgen press release. Amgen announces top-line results of phase 3 talimogene laherparepvec trial in melanoma. Mar 19, 2013. Available (here )〕 On April 8, 2008, New York-based company Antigenics announced that it had received approval for the first therapeutic cancer vaccine in Russia. It is the first approval by a regulatory body of a cancer immunotherapy. The treatment, Oncophage, increased recurrence-free survival by a little more than a year according to the results of a phase III clinical trial. The approval is for a subset of kidney cancer patients who are at intermediate risk for disease recurrence. It awaits approval in the US and EU.〔 * Amgen (talimogene laherparepvec) * Accentia Biopharmaceuticals majority owned subsidiary Biovest International (BiovaxID in phase III) * Bavarian Nordic〔(Bavarian Nordic's cancer drug )〕 (Prostvac) * Celldex Therapeutics (CDX110, CDX1307 and CDX1401) * The Center of Molecular Immunology, based in Cuba, has produced CimaVax-EGF, which targets lung cancer * CureVac develops mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies; CV9104 is currently being evaluated in an international Phase 2b trial in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer * Dendreon Corp (DNDN) (Neuvenge, for HER2/neu expressing cancers such as Breast, Bladder, colon, Ovarian),〔http://www.drugs.com/clinical_trials/dendreon-presents-integrated-analysis-clinical-data-neuvenge-trials-chemotherapy-foundation-6089.html〕 * Galena Biopharma (NeuVax) * Generex Biotechnology through its wholly owned immunotherapeutic subsidiary Antigen Express (Ae-37) * Geron Corporation (GRNVAC1) * GlaxoSmithKline is working on a vaccine for melanoma targeting MAGE-A3 * GlobeImmune〔http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/531756/globeimmune_initiates_phase_2_trial_for_pancreas_cancer/index.html "GlobeImmune Initiates Phase 2 Trial for Pancreas Cancer" 2006〕〔http://www.genengnews.com/news/bnitem.aspx?name=73335633〕 (Tarmogens, GI-4000, GI-6207, GI-6301)〔http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=globeimmune〕 * Heat Biologics ImPACT Therapy against NSCLC and other cancers * Immatics biotechnologies (e.g. IMA901 for renal cancer)〔http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/immatics-raises-nearly-54m-to-take-lead-therapeutic-cancer-vaccine-into-phase-iii/81243950/〕 * Immunitor is conducting trials of an oral cancer vaccine, hepcortespenlisimut-L.〔FDA Orphan designation http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/OOPD_Results_2.cfm?Index_Number=457714〕 A Phase 3 trial in hepatocellular carcinoma was first made public in September 2014.〔Clinicaltrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02232490〕 * Merck, in 2009, is starting phase III trials of Stimuvax for breast cancer. It had promising results from a phase IIB trial for inoperable lung cancer. * Northwest Biotherapeutics 〔http://www.nwbio.com/dcvax-technology/〕 * Oncotherapy Science (The first world peptide vaccines are produced. Some of vaccines are now in phase 2&3〔http://www.oncotherapy.co.jp/〕) * Panacela Labs, Inc. a Cleveland Biolabs ((CBLI) ) Subsidiary: MOBILAN Adenovirus-based treatment inducing immune response. Ready for final stage of preclinical development. * Prima BioMed LTD - Cvac, therapy against ovarian cancer in phase III. Regeneus - RGSH4K - A promising innovative personalised cancer immunotherapy * Scancell Holdings, (SCIB1) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cancer vaccine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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